May 29, 2008

Personal Note


I am pleased to announce that my PhD thesis has been completed, successfully defended, corrected and printed. It's titled "Preventing and Repairing These Losses: The Legal Response of the United States and the United Kingdom to the Illicit Trade in Cultural Property". I think I should have perhaps chosen a more succinct title.

It feels great to be finished, and it was a lot of hard work with some tough decisions, but it wouldn't have been possible without a lot of help and support from my colleagues here in Aberdeen and Joni (aka "my funder"). I'm sorry to say much of that support was undermined by our French Spaniel and serial abuser pictured here.

I've included the table of contents below. I'm still not sure if I want to try and publish it, which would mean a lot more work, and I suppose part of that will depend on where I land in the coming months. I started this little blog as a way to stay productive, even when I couldn't quite get things going on the thesis. I've found it invaluable, and for anyone who writes I think a blog is a great way to keep in the habit of writing.

I'm not sure where we will end up at this point, I plan to continue research into cultural heritage issues, or at least a related field which will allow me to continue the work I've been doing. I had what I thought was a good shot at a couple of postdoctoral funding opportunities which would have allowed me to look in some real depth at repatriation, but unfortunately those fell through. On a happier note I am involved with a really exciting project with some people which will create a really great cultural heritage resource, which I'll talk about in much more depth here in the coming months.

Posting will likely be very light for the next few weeks, as we're heading back to the States to catch up with family and friends.

Chapter 1: Introduction

I. The Aims

II. Foundational Issues and Terminology

A. Illicit Cultural Property

B. Source and Market Nations

C. Provenance

III. The Nature and Extent of the Illicit Trade

A. Art

B. Antiquities

IV. Laying the Theoretical Framework

A. Values Inherent in Cultural Property Policy

1. Preserving the Object

2. Preserving Archaeological Context

3. Preserving the National Patrimony

4. International Movement

5. Accessibility

B. Cultural Heritage or Cultural Property?

C. How Sympathetic Facts Distort Cultural Property Law

V. The Scope of this Work

Chapter 2: Regulating Cultural Property at the Source

I. Introduction: How to Prevent the Illicit Trade at Its Source?

II. Regulation in Source Nations

A. The Typical Approach: Guatemala

B. Other Examples

1. Peru

2. Mexico

3. Nigeria

C. China

D. Italy

E. Cultural Property Strategies in Developing Nations

1. Nationalizing Cultural Property

2. Efficacy of Export Restrictions

3. What can a Source Nation do when an Object has been Exported?

4. Combating the Illicit Trade v. Bare Retentionism

III. Domestic Regulation of Cultural Property in Market States

A. Domestic Regulation in the United States

1. Initial Federal Efforts

2. The Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979

3. The National Historic Preservation Act

4. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

5. The Law of Finds

B. Domestic Regulation in the United Kingdom

1. Scheduled Ancient Monuments

2. Treasure Trove and the Portable Antiquities Scheme

3. Scotland

4. Limited Export Restrictions: The Waverley Criteria

IV. Summary: What are the Key Components to Effective Domestic Regulation?

Chapter 3: Public International Law and Cultural Property

I. Introduction: Public International Law and Cultural Property

A. Origins of the Protection of Cultural Property

II. Attempts to Forge a Workable International Framework

A. 1954 Hague Convention

1. Defining Cultural Property in the Convention

2. Shortcomings of the Convention

3. The First Protocol

4. The Second Protocol

III. The 1970 UNESCO Convention

A. Individual Articles

1. Problems with Interpretation: Articles 3 and 6

2. The “Heart” of the Convention: Article 7

3. Defining the Scope of Protection

B. Impact of the Convention

C. Implementation and Bilateral Agreements

1. Implementation of the UNESCO Convention in the US

2. Switzerland

3. Implementation in the UK

IV. A Case for the Reform of UNESCO

A. The Perceived Bias in UNESCO Undermines its Efforts

B. The 1995 UNIDROIT Convention

C. The 2001 UNESCO Convention For the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

V. Summary

Chapter 4: Conflict of Laws in Cultural Property Disputes

I. Introduction: The Problem When the Claims of Two Relative Innocents Collide

II. Manifestations of the Conflict

A. Entrustment v. Theft or Wrongful Dispossession

B. When the Conflict Involves Statutes of Limitations

C. When Tort Rules Conflict

D. When Movable Property Rules Conflict

E. The Consequences of the Choice of Law Challenge in Art and Antiquities Litigation

III. The 1995 UNIDROIT Convention

A. What UNIDROIT Got Right

1. Compensation for the Diligent

2. Highlighting Due Diligence

3. Limited Right of Return

B. Two Weaknesses Prohibit Widespread Implementation

IV. The General Choice of Law Inquiry and Alternatives

A. The General Rule: Lex Rei Sitae

B. Renvoi

C. Lex Originis

V. Summary

Chapter 5: Market Regulation of Cultural Property in the UK

I. Introduction

II. Recent Reform in the UK

A. The Select Committee Inquiry

B. The Illicit Trade Advisory Panel

C. After Five Years, What Result?

III. UK Restrictions on the International Movement of Cultural Property

A. Customs Powers

B. EU Legislation Governing Cultural Property

C. Accession to the 1970 UNESCO Convention

D. Public Laws of Foreign States

1. Nationalization and Export Restrictions

2. Stigmatizing Illegally Exported Objects

3. The Recent Iranian Claims: Unpacking Public Laws and Unclear Nationalization

4. Why Not Enforce Public Laws?

IV. The Treatment of Cultural Property in the Law of England and Wales

A. Criminal Law

1. Theft Act (1968)

2. Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003

B. Private Litigation

1. Contract

2. Tort

3. Restitution

4. Limitations Rules

V. The Scots Law Treatment of Cultural Property

A. Criminal Law

1. Common Law Theft

2. Reset and Criminal Activity Outside the UK

3. The Draft Culture (Scotland) Bill

B. Private Claims

1. Ownership and Possession

2. Restitution

3. Spuilzie

4. How Might Restitution and Spuilzie Apply

5. Contract and Delict

6. Limitations Periods

VI. Summary

Chapter 6: Market Regulation of Cultural Property in the United States

I. Introduction

II. Federal Criminal Regulation

A. National Stolen Property Act Prosecutions under the McClain Doctrine

1. The McClain Cases

2. United States v. Schultz

B. Federal Criminal Forfeitures

1. A History of Forfeiture

2. The Litigation Surrounding Egon Schiele’s Portrait of Wally

3. One Oil Painting Entitled Femme En Blanc by Pablo Picasso

C. US Customs Regulations

D. The Cultural Property Implementation Act

III. Civil Remedies

A. The Substantive Claims

B. Limitations Rules

1. Adverse Possession

2. Demand and Refusal

3. The Discovery Rule

4. Laches

C. Cultural Property and the UCC

IV. Summary

Chapter 7: In Conclusion: A Way Forward

I. In Summary

Appendix I: The 1970 UNESCO Convention

Appendix II: 1995 UNIDROIT Convention

Appendix III: The Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003

Appendix IV: The National Stolen Property Act

Appendix V: The Cultural Property Implementation Act

Bibliography

Cases Cited

Table of Legislation



4 comments:

Bill said...

Congratulations! It sounds interesting. I hope that you do make it available even if you don't publish it formally.

Anonymous said...

i WISH TO CONGRATULATE YOU ON YOUR SUCCESS. wHATEVER HAPPENS TO YOUR THESIS,I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE A COPY,AT MY OWN COSTS. KWAME OPOKU

epop said...

I would be very interested to read your dissertation and talk to you. Please let me know if you make it available.

Unknown said...

Actually I would also be interested in reading it! It sounds like the global text that I would need for my students in the seminar! If you publish it, or there is a way to read it, just let me know. Greetings from the 'retentionist' Spain!

Labels

"Bronze Statue of a Victorious Youth" (17) 1954 Hague Convention (12) 1972 World Heritage Convention (1) Aboriginal Heritage (1) Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA) (2) act of state doctrine (1) Admiralty Law (11) Afghanistan (10) Africa (4) Albright-Knox Gallery (3) Aleppo (2) Alfred Stieglitz (2) Alternative Dispute Resolution (1) Angkor (1) Anti-Seizure Legislation (1) antiquites (3) antiquities (337) Antiquities Act 1906 (2) Antiquities leasing (10) antiquities looting (4) antiquities smuggling (3) antiquities theft (6) ARCA (8) ARCA Annual Conference (10) ARCA MA Program (6) Archaeological Resources Protection Act (5) Archival Recovery Team (ART) (3) Archives (1) Armed Conflict (22) Arrests (79) Art and Cultural Heritage Law (1) Art Beat Constables (9) Art Crime Statistics (1) art fraud (9) art history (1) Art Institute Chicago (3) art law (1) Art Loans (9) Art Loss Register (19) Art Market (10) Art Theft (263) Artist Resale Right (1) arts funding (1) Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD) (8) Athens (3) Auction (99) austerity (2) Australia (7) Austria (3) Authentication (3) Babylon (3) Banksy (1) Big Bend National Park (1) bilateral agreements (2) Black Hills (1) Bolton Forgers (4) Book Theft (3) Brazil (5) British Museum (13) Bronze (5) Bronze Statue of a Victorious Youth (1) Brueghel (1) Bruno Lohse (3) Brussels (1) BĆ¼hrle Collection Theft (4) Bulgaria (4) Burke and Wills (2) Burns Mummies (1) Byzantine Artifacts (4) Cairo (1) Cairo art theft (2) California Raids (6) Caligula (1) Cambodia (11) Camille Pissarro (7) Carabinieri (6) Caravaggio (1) catalogue raisonnĆ© (1) Cellini Salt Cellar (2) Central Park (1) Cerveteri (1) Chance Finds (3) Charles Goldie (1) Chihuly Glass (1) China (16) Christie's (14) Church Thefts (6) Civil War (2) Claude Monet (4) Claudia Seger-Thomschitz (3) Cleveland Bronze Apollo (2) Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA) (5) Coins (7) Colonial Art (1) Columbia (1) Conferences (7) Conservation (1) Conventions (1) Copyright (5) Corot (1) Corrections (1) cosmpoplitanism (4) Costa Rica (2) CPIA (10) criminal charges (5) criminology (1) Crystal Bridges Museum (5) Cultral Property Advisory Committee (9) Cultural First Aid (2) cultural heritage (6) cultural heritage careers (2) Cultural Heritage Moot Court Competition (2) Cultural heritage movement (1) cultural justice (3) cultural policy (18) cultural property (4) Cultural Resource Management (1) cultural security (1) culture funding (1) curatorial theft (2) Cycladic Figurines (1) Cyprus (9) Dahshour (1) Dallas Museum of Art (DMA) (2) Database (5) Databases (4) DCMS (2) Deaccessioning (24) Dead Sea Scrolls (1) Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003 (4) Declaratory Suits (4) Demand and Refusal (2) Design and Artists Copyright Society (1) Detroit Institute of Art (1) development (1) Dick Ellis (2) Diplomatic Bags (1) Doctrine of Discovery (3) Donald Trump (3) Donny George Youkhanna (2) Dr. No (6) Droite de Suite (2) Dubai (1) due diligence (5) eBay (5) Economics (1) Ecuador (1) Edgar Degas (2) Edinburgh (1) Edoardo Almagia (1) Edvard Munch (2) Egon Schiele (4) Egypt (55) El-Hibeh (2) Elgin Marbles (5) empirical studies (1) England (4) environmental justice (4) Environmental law (2) Erik Nemeth (1) Etruscans (2) Euphronios Krater (4) European Court of Human Rights (1) Export Restrictions (19) Fakes (6) FBI (16) FBI Art Crime Team (16) Festivus (1) Fifth Circuit (1) fire (1) Fisk University (3) Footnotes (59) force multiplier (1) Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) (6) forfeiture (13) Forgery (27) fossils (2) Four Corners Antiquities Investigation (11) fractional ownership (2) Francavilla Marittima (1) France (30) Francesco Rutelli (15) Frans van Mieris (2) Frederick Schultz (3) freedman's town (2) Gaza (1) George Grosz (1) Georgia (1) Georgia O'Keeffe (2) Germanicus (2) Germany (16) Getty (1) Ghent Altarpiece (1) Giacomo Medici (6) Gianfranco Becchina (1) Golf (3) good faith (3) Goya (3) Goya theft (4) graffiti (1) Greece (38) Grosz (1) Henri Matisse (1) Henry Moore (1) Heritage at Risk (1) heritage crime (1) Heritage Crime in Art (1) Hermitage (2) High Court in London (4) historic documents (1) Historic Landmark (1) historic preservation (1) historic weapons (1) Holocaust (Return of Cultural Objects) Act (2) Hopi (1) House of Commons Illicit Trade Advisory Panel (ITAP) (1) Houston (2) Howard Spiegler (2) Human Remains (5) Human Rights (1) Hungary (1) Identification (1) illicit excavation (1) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (16) Immunity (6) Immunity from Seizure Act (ISA) (3) import restrictions (3) in the media (7) Indemnity (1) Indianapolis Museum of Art (5) indictments (5) Indigenous Rights (2) Indonesia (1) injunctions (1) Insider Theft (2) Institute d'Egypte (1) Institute of Art and Law (1) Institutional theft (1) Intellectual Property (4) Intentional Destruction (6) International Criminal Court (ICC) (1) International Journal of Cultural Property (1) internationalism (4) INTERPOL (1) Interview (2) Interviews (2) Iran (8) Iran v. Barakat Galleries Ltd. (6) Iran v. Berend (3) Iraq (46) Isabella Stuart Gardner Museum (7) Islamic art (2) Israel (4) Istanbul (2) Italian Art Squad (5) Italian Culture Ministry (6) Italy (122) Jacques Goudstikker (4) James Ossuary (1) Jan Breugel the elder (2) Jan van Eyck (1) Japan (3) Jeanneret v. Vichy (1) Jeff Tweedy (1) Jenack v. Rabizadeh (1) JMW Turner (2) John Constable (1) Jonah Marbles (1) Jonathan Tokeley-Parry (1) Jordan (2) Joseph Farquharson (2) Journal Articles (1) Journal of Art Crime (1) Ka-Nefer-Nefer (9) Kansas (2) Kansas City (1) Kazimir Malevich (3) Kenya (1) Kingsland (3) Klimt (3) Koh Ker (6) Konowaloff v. Metropolitan Museum of Art (1) Kunsthal Museum Theft (2) La Dea Di Morgantina (6) Lawrence Kaye (1) Lebanon (1) Leonardo Da Vinci (9) Leopold Museum (1) Lewis Chessmen (5) lex originis (3) lex situs (5) Libya (2) Lincoln's Inn theft (1) Lithographs (1) loans (5) London (6) London Art and Antiques Unit (7) London Metropolitan Police (2) loot (1) looting (30) Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) (2) Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA) (1) LS Lowry (3) Lucas Cranach (1) Lucas Cranach the Elder (3) Lucian Freud (1) Macedonia (1) Machu Picchu (12) Madonna of the Yarnwinder (recovery) (9) Mali (4) Malta (1) Manchester (2) manuscript (1) Maori (2) maps (2) Marc Chagall (1) Marion True (25) Mark Landis (1) market overt (1) Mausoleum at Helicarnassus (1) Max Stern (3) Maxwell Anderson (3) metal detecting (6) Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met) (29) Mexico (9) Meyer de Haan (1) MFA Boston (6) Michael Brand (3) Michael C. Carlos Museum (1) Michael Steinhardt (2) Middle Eastern Geodatabase for Antiquities (MEGA) (1) Minneapolis Institue of Arts (MIA) (1) Moctezuma's Headdress (1) Modigliani (2) MoMA (4) Mondrian (1) Monet (3) Montreal Museum of Fine Art (2) Monument Men (5) Monuments Men (1) Moral Rights (3) Morgantina (2) Morgantina Aphrodite (9) Morgantina Treasure (1) Moscow (2) MusĆ©e d'Art Moderne theft (1) Museum Acquisitions (1) Museum Governance (1) Museum of Anatolian Civilizations (1) Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (6) museum security (2) museum theft (2) Museums Libraries and Archives Council (MLA) (1) Music (2) Myth (1) Napoleon III (1) National Academy (2) National Archaeological Museum in Naples (1) National Archives (3) National Gallery (Washington) (1) National Historic Preservation Act (2) National Stolen Property Act (8) nations of origin (5) Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (8) Native Americans (17) native cultures (2) Nazi Spoliation (74) Neglect (1) Neil Brodie (1) Nelson-Atkins' Bloch Building (1) Netherlands (10) New Acropolis Museum (3) New Orleans (4) New York (6) New Zealand (7) Nigeria (1) nighthawking (3) Noah Charney (1) Norbert Schimmel (1) Norman Palmer (1) Norman Rockwell (2) Norway (4) NSPA (1) Nuclear Analytical Techniques (1) Odyssey Marine Exploration (23) Olympics (2) Omaha Nebraska (1) Organized Crime (1) Orphaned Works (2) Oskar Kokoschka (2) Oslo (1) Pablo Picasso (16) Pakistan (2) Palestine (3) Panama (1) Paolo Ferri (2) Paris (10) partage (1) Parthenon Marbles (17) Patents (1) Patty Gerstenblith (1) Paul Bator (2) Paul Cezanne (5) Paul Gauguin (4) Pazardzhik Byzantine Silver Hoard (1) Penn Museum (1) Pentagon (1) Pere Lachaise (1) Persepolis (3) Peru (24) Peru Headdress (1) Peter Watson (1) Philadelphia (7) Phillipines (1) Picasso (9) Pierre Le Guennec (1) Pierre Valentin (1) piracy (1) Pollock (1) Pompeii (3) Popular Culture (1) Portable Antiquities Scheme (25) Portrait of Wally (11) Poussin (1) pre-Columbian antiquities (2) pre-emptive archaeology (1) Prince Claus Fund (1) Princeton (4) Private Collectors (2) Private International Law (5) Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 (UK) (1) Prosecutions (7) provenance (13) Prussia (1) Public Art Theft (5) Public Trust (1) Publications (2) Quran (1) Radio (2) Ransom (2) realkulturpolitik (1) recovery (45) Rembrandt (2) Rene Magritte (2) Renoir (2) Renvoi (3) repatriation (121) Restitution (40) reward (1) Rhodes (1) Robert Hecht (8) Robin Symes (1) Rodin (2) Roger Atwood (1) Roman Objects (2) Rome (3) Rothko (1) Royal Academy (1) Rubens (3) Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran (2) Russia (11) Sale of "The Cello Player" (1) Sale of the "Gross Clinic" (11) Sale of the Stieglitz Collection (4) Salvage (1) Sao Paulo (2) Sao Paulo Museum of Art (3) Scheduled Ancient Monuments (1) Scholarship - Articles and Essays (57) Scholarship - Book Reviews (3) Scholarship - Books (12) Scholarship - Case Notes (1) Scholarship - Events and Conferences (55) Scholarship - Journal Articles (12) Scholarship - Student Papers (16) Scotland (7) Scotland Yard's Arts and Antiques Squad (1) scrap metal (1) Sculpture (2) security (4) seizure (16) Selling stolen art (1) seminars (1) semiotics (1) Sentencing (2) Serbia (1) settlement (1) Sevso Treasure (6) Shelby White (3) shipwreck (1) Sicily (4) Simon Mackenzie (2) Sisley (4) Slovakia (1) Smithsonian (4) Solomon R. Guggenheim (1) Sonic Fingerprints (1) Sotheby's (13) Sotheby's Paris (1) South Africa (1) South America (1) Spain (21) Spoliation (2) Spoliation Advisory Panel (8) St. Louis Art Museum (8) St. Ninian's Isle Treasure (3) Stair Gallery (2) State Department (2) Statue of a Victorious Youth (1) statute of frauds (1) Statutes of Limitations (10) Stephane Breitwieser (1) Stephen Colbert (1) Steven Spielberg (1) stewardship (2) Stolen Art (11) Stone Age (1) street art (1) study collections (1) Summer Palace Bronzes (7) Sweden (2) Switzerland (13) Syria (7) Taliban (1) Tennessee (3) The Art Fund (1) The Bowers Museum (1) The Discovery Rule (4) the fourth ward (1) The Getty (58) The Gross Clinic (1) The Guggenheim (2) The Holocauset (stolen art) restitution bill (2) the Louvre (2) The Menil (4) The National Gallery (1) The National Gallery (London) (2) the Pirate Party (1) The Scream (1) theft (2) Thomas Eakins (9) Thomas Jefferson (1) Timbuktu (2) Titian (1) Toledo Museum of Art (4) tombaroli (2) tourism (1) transparency (1) Traprain Law (1) Traveling Exhibitions (2) Treasure Act (4) treasure trove (3) Turkey (11) UCC (1) Ukraine (2) UN (2) Underground Salt Museum (1) Underwater Cultural Heritage (32) Underwater Sites - "Black Swan" (3) Underwater Sites - "Blue Baron" (1) Underwater Sites - HMS Victory (3) UNESCO (23) UNESCO Convention (24) UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (9) UNIDROIT Convention (2) United Kingdom (24) United States (12) University College London (1) University of Chicago (1) University of Guelph (1) University of Virginia (3) urban development (1) Van Gogh (7) Vandalism (4) Vatican (1) Vermeer (2) Victoria And Albert Museum (3) Vigango (3) viking (1) Villa Giulia (3) Vineberg v. Bissonnette (4) Visual Artists Rights Act (2) voluntary returns (1) Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena (3) Watts Towers (1) Waverley Criteria (10) Week in Review (3) West Bank (1) wikiloot (1) Wilco (1) William S. Burroughs (1) Windsor Antiquities Indictment (1) World Heritage Sites (1) World War II (11) Yale University (13) year in review (2) Zahi Hawass (9)

LinkWithin

Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...